Abuelita, abuelita, que dientes tan grandes tienes...


By Blanca A. Garcí... - Posted on 18 December 2009

El mundo de la paleontología es una "tierra de posibilidades". Un ejemplo sería el estudio de los diferentes mecanismos que podrían regir la evolución, tanto por la influencia de factores intrínsecos de las especies como de factores ambientales ajenos a las mismas; dos formas diferentes de abordar el mismo problema. En PMMV seguimos sus estelas y si en la entrada del 26 de noviembre de 2009 se comentaba un trabajo que se centraba en el estudio de la dentición de los grandes herbívoros para detectar cambios paleoambientales a lo largo del tiempo (Domingo et al., 2009) en el trabajo que explicaremos hoy se analiza la dentición de los pequeños carnívoros para determinar patrones morfológicos en la dentición que se puedan asociar a tipos de dietas, sentando las bases para estudiar cambios en las relaciones ecológicas que se establecieron entre los organismos que habitaban la tierra en tiempos pasados:


"La función hace la forma"

Bajo esta premisa, Friscia y sus colaboradores tratan de diferenciar distintos tipos de dietas, analizando la morfología del aparato masticatorio en carnívoros actuales de pequeño tamaño y estableciendo una serie de características dentales asociadas a los diferentes tipos de dietas, que podrán ser aplicadas al registro fósil.

Si bien no es la primera aproximación al tema (Crusafont-Pairo & Truyols-Santonja, 1956; Janis et al., 1994; Jones, 2003; Sacco & Van Valkenburgh, 2004), si resulta novedosa en cuanto al grupo de estudio, los carnívoros de pequeño tamaño (con un peso inferior a los 10 kilos).

Durante el Cenozoico, la mayoría de los mamíferos predadores tenían un tamaño inferior a los 10 kilos, por lo que resulta obvio el interés de este grupo de mamíferos actuales. En el Paleógeno, los ancestros de los carnívoros actuales convivían con los Creodontos, un grupo de mamíferos actualmente extintos. Entre las posibles causas de la extinción de los Creodontos, una de las que tiene mayor aceptación es la competencia con los "carnívoros reales" por los mismos nichos ecológicos, batalla que los primeros perdieron. El trabajo que os presentamos hoy se revela como un arma importante para poder desvelar el misterio de la convivencia entre estos dos grupos hermanos.

Para ello tomaron una serie de medidas del aparato masticatorio de 83 taxones del orden Carnivora, entre los que no se incluían ni úrsidos, hiénidos o pinnipedos, por ser familias en las que todos los taxones son de gran tamaño, ni félidos por tratarse de hipercarnívoros, que polarizarían los análisis. En función del tipo de dieta predominante, cada taxón fue clasificado según la siguiente tipología dietaria:

  • Carnívoros:  más del 50 % de su dieta está compuesta por carne de otros vertebrados.
  • Insectívoros: más del 50% de su dieta la componen invertebrados (insectos y quelicerados).
  • Omnívoros/materia dura: En los que se incluyen tanto los omnívoros sensu stricto, así como las especies en cuya dieta hay un gran aporte de materia vegetal y sustancias de gran dureza (moluscos, crustáceos, etc.).  

Sobre esta matriz de datos (especies vs. medidas dentarias) realizaron una serie de análisis estadísticos (MANOVAS; PCA; Análisis Discriminante; Gráficos Bivariantes, Contraste Independiente) que les permitió definir si la morfología dental de los distintos taxones estaba mas relacionada con el tipo de dieta (forma-función) o estaba determinada por la filogenia (herencia de caracteres)

Sus resultados les permitieron concluir que, no sólo existen una serie de adaptaciones específicas al tipo de dieta, reconocibles en las distintas especies, sino que estas son diferentes a las que presentan los predadores de mayor tamaño, aunque su alimentación sea similar, pero que sí son comunes con otros grupos de pequeños mamíferos. Sin embargo, estas diferencias morfológicas en la dentición según el tipo de dieta son reconocibles más como una tendencia que como valores de diferencia absolutos. Estas tendencias se pueden resumir de la siguiente forma:

  • Carnívoros: muestran una mayor desarrollo del trigónido en la muela carnicera (para desgarrar la carne fresca)
  • Omnívoros presentan el cuarto premolar más grande y molares con las superficies oclusales más desarrolladas (para triturar el alimento de forma más efectiva), junto con un mayor desarrollo de la dentición post-canino.
  • Insectívoros: en los que peor se reconocen caracteres específicos, de ellos se puede decir que presentan una tendencia a tener dentarios más débiles.

 El potencial de esta metodología en Paleontología es indiscutible. Como ya anunciaban sus autores, el objetivo paleontológico de su desarrollo, desvelar el peso de las relaciones paleoecológicas en la extinción de los Creodontos, se ponen al alcance de nuestras manos. Pero además, deja la puerta abierta a posibles aplicaciones alternativas.

 







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