La selección de especies, en busca de un nuevo enfoque


By Ana Moreno Bofarull - Posted on 05 November 2009

Que una especie tenga más éxito evolutivo respecto a otra, o que una línea fenotípica y/o genotípica de un clado perdure a lo largo del tiempo han sido temas de gran interés y de estudio por toda la comunidad científica.

David Jablonski, paleontólogo de la Universidad de Chicago, centra sus estudios en el origen y el destino de los linajes y su adaptación al medio utilizando para ello tanto organismos vivos como fósiles. En uno de sus últimos trabajos:


revisa los diferentes estudios sobre la selección de especies a diferentes niveles, muchos de ellos centrados en estudios paleontológicos que utilizan análisis de filogenia comparativa, macroecología y conservación. En ellos se presentan variedad de modelos de selección de especies, mostrando las semejanzas, divergencias y paralelismos en base a este tema e incluso dejando al descubierto cantidad de lagunas que aún permanecen ocultas ante todos nosotros.

Diferencias entre Selección Natural y Selección de Especies

Cuando se habla de selección a nivel evolutivo, podemos irnos directamente y sin pensar a la idea propuesta por Charles Darwin en su teoría de la Evolución conocida como "Selección Natural". Un concepto que definía por primera vez las diferencias genotípicas que existían en los individuos de una población debido a una reproducción diferencial. De forma que cambios bruscos en el entorno promovían diferencias en la supervivencia y éxito reproductor de algunos individuos de la población, cuyas características se transmitían a lo largo de nuevas generaciones, diferenciando a las poblaciones en nuevas especies.

Sin embargo, hablar de selección desde una perspectiva más amplia, pasando del individuo al nivel de la especie, requiere un estudio más complejo y detallado que aún se sigue investigando. El término "Selección de Especies" indica el origen diferencial o persistente entre las especies dentro de su entorno (Lloyd & Gould, 1993). Jablonski explica como este tipo de estudios no deben centrarse en los cambios de la frecuencia alélica que definen los rasgos de un individuo como su color de ojos, el pelaje o el tamaño de sus cuernos. Un estudio de selección de especies investiga la frecuencia de esos rasgos entre los clados (¿cuántas especies tienen cuernos?), el destino de esos rasgos a lo largo del tiempo (¿cuánto durarán los cuernos, en términos evolutivos?) y las tasas de extinción y origen de especie y clado (¿por qué los cuernos crecen y menguan?, y ¿por qué estos cuernos determinan la dinámica evolutiva de alguna forma?), incluso que estén asociados a otros muchos rasgos.

Otro gran investigador y biólogo teórico, Stephen J. Gould, es uno de los mayores defensores de la selección de especies y la teoría jerárquica de la evolución, en la cuál se estudian unidades evolutivas distintas del organismo, pasando a niveles superiores, como especies y clado (Gould, 2002). De esta manera se deja atrás la idea de que la evolución está dirigida exclusivamente por mecanismos microevolutivos. Esto no significa que los procesos a nivel de organismo no tienen importancia, por supuesto que la tienen, pero sugiere que los efectos a gran escala también entran en la ecuación de los patrones evolutivos, de forma que los procesos macroevolutivos deben ser tenidos muy en cuenta en estos estudios.

Cuando hablamos de selección de especies estamos hablando de la tasa de aparición o extinción (emergent fitness) de una especie dentro de un clado (Lloyd & Gould, 1993). Jablonski clasifica un gran número de estudios en dos grupos diferentes: aquellos que estudian rasgos característicos a nivel de especie (rango geográfico, estructura y tamaño poblacional, organización social, estructura genética..) o bien rasgos característicos a nivel de organismo (tamaño corporal, reproducción sexual, efectos alélicos...). Existen dos caracteres evolutivos a nivel de especie mejor estudiados que otros; el rango geográfico (Kreft et al., 2006; Jablonski, 2003; Rosenfield, 2002) y la especialización biómica (Hernández Fernández & Vrba 2005; Moreno Bofarull et al., 2008), los cuales se determinan por la distribución global de los individuos más que por los movimientos individuales de los organismos que lo conforman. Los estudios que trabajan con estos caracteres a nivel de especie nos muestran cómo los efectos de los procesos macroevolutivos, los cambios climáticos, los movimientos tectónicos o la historia biogeográficas del continente, modifican su estructura cambiando las tasas de extinción y especiación de las especies. Este tipo de estudios nos permiten analizar los procesos que han hecho que unas especies hayan perdurado a lo largo del tiempo y otras, sin embargo, se hayan extinguido.

Leyendo este interesante trabajo que nos ofrece Jablonski se observa que debemos buscar de forma más eficaz el por qué unas especies se extinguen más que otras y así reconocer los fenómenos que lo producen y cuantificar sus efectos. Se debe buscar un nuevo enfoque, pensar estudios más completos donde se integren datos paleontológicos y neontológicos para un conjunto individual de clados. Los datos neontológicos nos proporcionan un amplio rango de caracteres nuevos para analizar que no vemos en los fósiles. Debemos extender y trabajar con esta idea en investigaciones futuras para conseguir nueva información en este campo que aunque no lo parezca sigue siendo muy desconocido.


Referencias
This replica watches has a 45-hour power reserve power reserve, so you will always know the date and time with replica watches. The replica watch, 18k Rose Gold Flip Cover hinged back case back blends in perfectly with the style of this elegant replica watch. Replica watches Silver Star spark replica watches make you feel confident and you will enjoy your right choice, every piece of fine replica watch passes a rigorous inspection process before we offer to you. Come on to enjoy replica watches.
According gucci shoes to discount gucci shoes Hai buy gucci shoes for men Jiaohui organizing gucci outlet committee, louis vuitton shoes for men louis vuitton shoes after gucci boots the gucci loafers for men Zhuchaoyinfeng gucci mens shoes high previous cheap gucci shoes low Haijiao gucci slippers Hui, louis vuitton loafers a group of gucci shoes for women Taizixiangmu gucci flats this louis vuitton flats Haijiao louis vuitton jeans Hui power gucci t shirt contract, louis vuitton t shirt including gucci jeans mens gucci belts plans louis vuitton belt for men to gucci scarf invest louis vuitton scarf 150 million gucci sunglasses U.S. louis vuitton sunglass dollars in Taiwan, Ding Yuan Optoelectronics Co., Ltd., plans to invest 20 million U.S. dollars of Taiwan computer company blue sky.
The fashion [url=http://www.watcopy.com//replica watch[/url] from us, such as Breitling [url=http://www.kopeez.com/replica watch[/url],Audemars Piguet replica watches,TAG Heuer [url=http://www.watcopy.com/B-Porsche-Design-35.html/Replica Porsche Design Watches[/url], Hublot [url=http://www.kopeez.com/GoodsBrand/Blancpain-15.html/replica blancpain watches[/url] and so on are accurate imitation from the originals.Each piece is paid closely attention in manufacturing, and inspected carefully before the replica jacques lemans watches was taken out of the warehouse.
GHD IV MK4 Purple According to the different straightening irons, PTC heating element can be divided into ceramic heat wire and the GHD Pretty In Pink heating element.GHD The advantages of the ceramic is environmental protection, GHD IV MK4 Kiss heating speed, GHD Pretty In Pink the average 30 seconds to 45seconds to make GHD IV MK5 Purple plywood surface temperature reached 200 degrees. But because of ceramics is in 1000 ° above the GHD IV MK4 Kiss sintering temperature and the temperature in the circuit, quickly after losing control over 300 degrees, will burn fixed GHD Pretty In Pink fever board plastic material, make the heating plate, GHD IV MK4 Purple there may be exposed to users, GHD IV MK4 Kiss and burn the skin.
Took me time to read all the comments, but I really enjoyed the article. It proved to be Very helpful to me and I am sure to all the commenters here! It's always nice when you can not only be informed, but also entertained! I'm sure you had fun writing this articl Chemise Polo|Chemises Ralph Lauren|Polo RL|Polo Homme|Polo Femme|mbt Schuhe|mbt shop|mbt kaufen|mbt billig
koam Many of you have took a liking to its Jordan Sneakers-borrowed colorways such as the "Air Max" and the "Nike Air Max". However, this new, original colorway of the Coach Handbags may be the best we've seen on this instant classic model. I just received this Coach Pursesafter waiting a while but it is the most comfortable shoe I have owned. I absolutly loveee Nike and plan to keep buying from them… A Midnight Navy synthetic material covers the predominance of the base, while Blue Lacquer-colored hints (laceholders, branding) provide nice complimentary attributes. The full-length Michael Jordan Shoes sole unit is also colored in Lacquer Blue. Lastly, minimal Metallic Silver accents are seen in various places throughout the upper. I had these shoes on for all of about 30 minutes -just walking around the office breaking them in Air Max Shoes so I could run tonight- before I jumped up, threw on my gear and knocked out a quick 1.5. Amazing!
Hi i think same with you. thanks for this writing. thx very much. film izle oyun download kız oyunları oyun yeni oyunlar süper oyun flash oyunlar online oyun Online bir şekilde hd kaliteyle ücretsiz bedava tek parça seyredebilirsiniz.
zhi The web Discount Windows Product Key has cheap Windows Key changed wholesale Office Product KeyAnd DiscountWindows Activation there's a cheap wholesale Windows Activation Key new way wholesale DiscountOffice Activation Key of Discount thinking cheapWindows Generator about wholesaleWindows Key Generator your DiscountOffice Key Generator applications.cheapWindows Keygen You wholesaleWindows Key can't DiscountOffice Keygenjust write cheapWindows Upgradesome wholesaleOffice UpgradeHTML and DiscountMicrosoft UpgradesCSS cheapWindows 7 Product Keyanymore wholesale and DiscountWindows 7 Keyexpect cheapWindows 7 Ultimate Keyto be wholesaleWindows 7 Home Premium Keythe next DiscountWindows 7 Professional Key Twitter. Hear cheapWindows 7 Product Keyhow to wholesaleMicrosoft Office 2010 Product Keymake your site wholesaleMicrosoft Office 2007 Product Keysocially
I bought a perfect replica submariner watch from Replica Watches Store just cost me $80 with Free Shipping option There you can buy all submariner series watch with very low prices, such as Rolex Submariner Replica watches includes Rolex Submariner Date Replicas, Rolex Submariner 16610 Replicas, Rolex Submariner 50th anniversary Replicas, Rolex Submariner Green, Rolex Submariner Blue, Rolex Submariner Full Gold, Rolex Submariner Ceramic Bezel Watches, rolex series includes Fake Rolex Replicas, Rolex Daytona, Rolex oyster perpetual DateJust Breitling watches, includes Breitling for Bentley, Breitling Navitimer

Our website supply more newest 2010 moncler jackets,such as moncler down jacket or moncler t-shirts ,the moncler 2010 producted more new type for you choose,the moncler is the best jackets for you .More new brand mbt moja and MBT Kimondo offered online,all kind of MBT are very fashion and comfortable .Now there are so more kind of cheap and 2010 newest mbt kisumu and mbt fora in mbtstore.org,and If you intertested the mbt,i think you must favority the timberland boots sale,special timberland boots uk are very popular in the world,and more new brand timberland boots offer online for you choose. To meet your needs all of the year.
mbt kisumu , mbt sandals,mbt panda,mbt sawa, mbt sirima, mbt staka, mbt ema, mbt habari,mbt fumba ,mbt, mbt shoes,mbt moja ,MBT Kimondo ,mbt fora ,moncler down jacket ,moncler 2010 ,moncler jackets ,moncler t-shirts,moncler ,moncler vest,moncler jackets womens,mens moncler jackets,moncler jackets sale,moncler sale, moncler coats, timberland boots sale ,timberland boots uk,timberland boots

UGG Classic Argyle Knit twin-faced sheep skin boots will give a bit as they mold to your feet. UGG Bailey Button footwear is designed to be worn barefoot to maximize the cushioning and warmth of sheepskin.UGG Classic Cardy Boots is specially welcomed by the females.If you want to know
UGG Classic Tall Boots and UGG Ultra Tall boots,welcomed to our online shop or contact with us directly.Your satisfied is our biggest honourable.

UGG Boots UGG Ultra Short UGG Nightfall UGG Boot 5825 UGG Classic Short Boots UGG Sundance gucci outlet gucci handbags gucci bags GHD Straighteners GHD birkenstock sandals

UGG Classic Argyle Knit twin-faced sheep skin boots will give a bit as they mold to your feet. UGG Bailey Button footwear is designed to be worn barefoot to maximize the cushioning and warmth of sheepskin.UGG Classic Cardy Boots is specially welcomed by the females.If you want to know
UGG Classic Tall Boots and UGG Ultra Tall boots,welcomed to our online shop or contact with us directly.Your satisfied is our biggest honourable.

UGG Boots UGG Ultra Short UGG Nightfall UGG Boot 5825 UGG Classic Short Boots UGG Sundance gucci outlet gucci handbags gucci bags GHD Straighteners GHD birkenstock sandals

GHD Straighteners and birkenstock sandals are a famous brand in the world. Our company is focus on supplying the original and the cheapest GHD Straighteners, gucci bags and birkenstock sandals to national people.GHD Straighteners Lead The Fashion, Which Is Loved All Over The World. There Is No Doubt That The New GHD Iv Styler. Is One Of Many Hair Cared Products In The Most Popular Hair Straightener. If you want to know more about our gucci outlet and Birkenstock sandals,you are warmly welcomed to our online shop.

Moncler jackets using durable and warm animal skin materials such as pigskin, cowhide, elk-skin, deerskins are all strong and impervious to the elements. So if you have Moncler down jacket in this winter, you will not scare cold again. No matter men or women, this winter you can have your own style. The white matter of the two sides is connected by a thin lamina moncler jacket women of filters that are closely related to the fouith ventricle. The upper pan of litis lamina forms the superior medullary velum and its inferior pan forms the inferior medullary velum.

Mbt shoes clearance casual shoes designed and used a multi-layered, single-song follow a unique and meaningful experience. A few pairs of mbt Kimondo can keep your muscles and purposeful way, but it is tank to do.You've found the world's most comfortable Timberland boots. Timberland is the leader in New Timberland boots products, providing top quality products including Mens timberland boots sale.

Since time began, the earth's replica watches only satellite replica watches, the moon has both fascinated and intrigued mankind causing strange replica handbags phenomena and replica handbags setting the rhythm of our daily lives. Perrelet, pioneer in the development of ugg boots the perpetual ugg boots movement since 1777, captures the course of the moon and allows the wearer to follow replica watches its evolution replica watches on one's wrist with its unique Big Central Moonphase ugg boots timepiece which ugg boots blends inspiration with extreme precision.All of replica watches the fake replica watches Movado watches have one thing in common-their spectacular design. These watches are well known over the world for their dial without any numbers or markings. The only give away is a diamond at 12 o'clock, and the Movado replica watches engraving in replica watches small letters at 6 o'clock.
They are designed to hamper the virus' replication in cells, thus buying time for the immune system to mount replica watches a response replica watches and crush the invader. The research was conducted by the US Army Medical Research Institute replica watches of Infectious replica watches Diseases in collaboration with a Washington-based biotech firm, AVI BioPharma, and was revealed replica handbags in the journal replica handbags Nature Medicine. The Pentagon pumped funding into research for a vaccine and treatment for Ebola-type viruses in the wake of the September 9, 2001, terror attacks on the United States. For filoviruses are on the list of Louis Vuitton pathogens such Louis Vuitton as anthrax that are considered tempting sources for biological warfare or terrorism. An important step in combatting ugg boots Ebola was ugg boots announced in May this year, again using tests on lab monkeys but involving a somewhat different technique to disrupt viral replication.
For the past replica watches more than replica watches 100 years, the worldwide famous Swiss watch manufacturing brand Rolex has been the most prestigious and most excellent brand in the business of watch replica watches making industry replica watches in the global. Rolex has always standing at the cutting edge of the innovative watch creation and has set the bar so high for the watch making industry that other watch brands replica handbags throughtout the replica handbags world have always found themselves chasing this very prestigious brand to match its height. Over the years, Rolex Louis Vuitton has continually Louis Vuitton created a large amount of watch lines. Yacht-Master is one of the new creations to the family ugg boots that has ugg boots gained magnificent popularity worldwide.
When you buy replica Franck Muller watches from us you know that you are getting not only the best price, but the best product as well. Franck Muller replica watches we ship has been individually tested and checked to ensure you only receive the highest quality replica Franck Muller available. Not only that, but our shipping is ultra fast and second to none - much like our customer service, available seven days a week! Chopard Happy Sport replica Watches Hublot Big Bang Replica Breitling Airwolf Replica Watches Omega Seamaster Replica Watches Rolex Daytona Replica
China retro jordan basketball shoes catalog and retro jordan basketball shoes manufacturer directory. One online retailer that offers a fabulous selection of top quality wholesale designer handbags is Poshbagz. Just choose the best designer inspired handbags wholesale from a leading supplier so that you can be fashionable at all times If a company claims to be a legitimate designer wholesale handbags and cannot meet the aforementioned guidelines Shop for high quality wholesale True Religion jeans products on Trademic and get Welcome to visit our wholesale handbags purses in Handbags & Bags catalog! online store ,and buy cheap Jordan shoes and other brand Cheap Shoes at here Buy Chanel handbags more or wholesale CHANEL handbags on EC23 Go buy our shoes such as cheap jordan shoes and new Nike Jordan!
Very great post. I’m very glad to I found this entry. Thanks for giving us nice posts cheap hosting | cheap vps | windows vps | forex vps | ucvhost
Many women are very excited about the introduction of counterfeit chanel handbags. There are women, they will never be able to buy a handbag to know the original designer. Always get a fake looks exactly like your favorite designer bag and get it. But, you know there will always be differences between original designer handbags and copying? Well cheap gucci bag sale, if you do not, here are some things that will help you differentiateGucci between a designer and always a fake bag.
A perfect buying experience from a great seller ! Thank you very much :)|authenticdesignersalways Perfect yellow chanel handbags product, very fast delivery.|mobesmobes Fabulous AUTHENTIC Chanel Online! A++++ seller!|ltrilogy2 Gorgeous Chanel Bags Online Shop, prompt shipping, as advertised!|artist1252 SUPER HIGHLY RECOMMENDED!!! NICE Chanel Designer bags PERSON.|riaccarlos2008 A+++++++++++ FAST TRANSACTION Discount Chanel Handbags. ITEM AS DESCRIBED.PERFECT!|riaccarlos2008 very accomodating Chanel Purses Online. item as described.HIGHLY RECOMMENDED!love my bags.thank you!|riaccarlos2008
Welcome to your ultimate online destination for all your designer needs. We pride ourselves on bringing you the finest quality in Tiffany jewelry, Chanel Sunglasses, Chanel J12 Watches and tons of other AAA designer products at unbeatable prices. Each of our pieces is carefully researched and created.