Australia y los cambios en su vegetación, mirando siempre al pasado


By Ana Moreno Bofarull - Posted on 09 April 2010

Observando una zona lejana y tremendamente interesante en su evolución biogeográfica como es la actual Australia, Robert S. Hill de la Universidad de Adelaida de Australia, en uno de sus últimos trabajos analiza la historia paleobiogeográfica de este continente a través de fósiles de plantas, ya que la información que nos proporciona ayuda a clarificar muchas incógnitas. De esta forma intenta conocer los cambios que ha sufrido Australia a lo largo del tiempo y entender los procesos que han moldeado la compleja  estructura vegetal del continente, la cual condiciona el desarrollo de las faunas que allí habitan:
 
Actualmente Australia es una zona continental muy erosionada y llana, prácticamente sin montañas. Posee una zona interior muy árida e inhóspita rodeada por abundante vegetación que diverge en distintos biomas. Este continente se caracteriza  por poseer un pasado muy dinámico desde que se separó de la Antártida hace unos 40 millones de años (Ma). Se ha desplazado unos 20º en su latitud y ha pasado por muy diversas zonas climáticas desde desde el Polo hasta el trópico, de ahí que su flora haya tenido que adaptarse constantemente no sólo a los cambios climáticos que sufría el planeta sino que las variaciones en su situación latitudinal aumentaban la dureza de los mismos y el esfuerzo que debían superar estos taxones frente a estos cambios.
 
Los bosques de gimnospermas del Cretácico a más de 70º Sur eran abundantes en Australia. La concentración de CO2 ambiental era 10 veces superior a la actual lo que no solo indujo a un calentamiento global en el planeta, con altas temperaturas y precipitaciones, sino que sin duda debió afectar a la fotosíntesis de las plantas (Creber & Chaloner, 1985; Beerling & Osborne, 2002). En Australia predominaban las coníferas deciduas como el ginkgo, gracias a que resistían mejor las temporadas de baja luminosidad. 
 
La llegada de las angiospermas en el Cretácico inferior (120 Ma) cuando Australia todavía formaba parte del supercontinente Gondwana indujo un gran cambio en la actual estructura vegetal australiana. El clima de la época era complicado, Australia se encontraba en el Círculo Polar Antártico donde la vegetación debía soportar inviernos muy fríos y largos periodos de oscuridad pero según se iba separando de la Antártida la atmósfera terrestre fue cambiando, las temperaturas comenzaron a bajar y el océano se iba retirando de los continentes, de forma que las primeros angiospermas se movieron al mismo tiempo que la regresión oceánica avanzaba, originando la mayor diversificación vista en mucho tiempo. 
 
Entrando en el Cenozoico, en los inicios del Paleoceno (65-55 Ma) Australia sufrió grandes cambios climáticos, la temperatura cayó de forma drástica y la concentración de CO2 se estabilizó, las coníferas siempre acompañadas de angiospermas dominaban las zona sureste pero muchos fósiles indican que estos bosques húmedos se limitaban a una zona determinada ya que taxones esclerófilos típicos de climas templados debieron de ser muy abundantes en todo el continente. Pero el aumento de la precipitación a principios del Eoceno y la consecuente subida de la humedad en el ambiente confinaron a estos bosques mucho más al sur. 
 
Sedimentos de carbón del sudeste de Australia de inicios y mediados del mioceno (24-11 Ma) demuestran la sucesión cíclica de comunidades de climas húmedos (bosques tropicales) con los taxones esclerófilos y xeromórficos de zonas áridas. La deriva de los frondosos bosques tropicales coincidió con la aparición de Eucalyptus, un árbol que ejerció una influencia muy fuerte en los bosques donde aparecía (Crisp et al., 2004). Estos árboles eran inductores de incendios ya que actúan como combustible, pero a su vez son muy resistentes al fuego por lo que provocaban la destrucción de muchas especies vecinas mientras ellos persistían en el ecosistema. La frecuencia de los incendios y caída en las precipitaciones contribuyendo al desarrollo una vegetación más árida ya que el suelo pierde nutrientes. Así  taxones como el eucalipto no solo indujeron el fortalecimiento de ciertos biomas sino que pudieron definir gran parte de la fauna actual de Australia, como los koalas, animales que se alimentan de las hojas de los eucaliptos por lo que su éxito evolutivo va unido al de esta especie arbórea.
 
Se sigue sin conocer bien la evolución vegetal de ciertas zonas de Australia, especialmente aquellas muy áridas que no han permitido la conservación de antiguos fósiles, aunque la deriva latitudinal del continente y la deficiencia en nutrientes de estos suelos indican que en un pasado hubo importantes áreas forestales con diversos biomas a lo largo de todo el continente, hasta principios del Cenozoico donde cambiaron hasta llegar a ser los desiertos que encontramos en la actualidad.
 
De nuevo, el estudio de la historia paleobiogeográfica de los continentes junto a la información proporcionada por los fósiles nos permiten conocer el por qué de la distribución biómica actual y entender así la existencia o extinción de muchas especies. No se puede conocer cómo y por qué funciona la estructura vegetal si no analizamos el pasado. Si lo hacemos podremos tener conocimientos y la capacidad de mantener y conservar esta vegetación en un futuro.
 
 
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