¿Un clásico de cosecha propia?


By Manuel Hernánde... - Posted on 11 March 2010

 

Pues sí, aunque este equipo de investigación es muy reciente y nuestra producción científica se limita al siglo XXI, también nosotros tenemos algún trabajo que podría considerarse un "clásico". Claro que habría que ver cómo definimos el término clásico...

Son varias las características que pueden hacer que algo se convierta en clásico. Por un lado, la edad es un requisito esencial; nada que sea demasiado nuevo puede considerarse clásico hasta que se demuestra que su brillo no va a ser deslustrado por el paso del tiempo. No obstante, llegar a considerarse un clásico también puede acelerarse en caso de que se haya alcanzado cierta notoriedad, mientras que si las cosas pasan desapercibidas tardan más en alcanzar esa categoría. Por ejemplo, comparemos la teoría de la evolución por selección natural desarrollada por Darwin (1809-1882), con los estudios genéticos de Mendel (1822-1884). Siendo de vital importancia ambos trabajos para la comprensión de los procesos evolutivos, el primero se consideraba ya un clásico en vida de su autor, mientras que Mendel no llegó a ver cómo su trabajo alcanzó la fama gracias a la Síntesis Evolutiva Moderna  que, entre 1936 y 1947, combinó ambas teorías. Con ello, llegamos al tercer punto, y quizás el más importante, que un trabajo científico debe cumplir para poderse llegar a considerar "clásico". Se trata de la relevancia; debe tener connotaciones de gran importancia, lo cual se verá reflejado en que suponga un punto de partida para un desarrollo (a veces explosivo -pensemos en la Genética-) de nuevos trabajos basado en ese primer estudio.

De todas esas características que podrían definir un trabajo clásico, sólo es la última donde el equipo de PMMV puede estar medianamente ufano. Ciertamente, somos un equipo muy joven y la edad todavía no ha podido otorgarnos esa pátina de respetabilidad que se adquiere con el tiempo. Pero hay un trabajo, el primero que publiqué, que sí que se puede considerar seminal en la generación de nuevas líneas de investigación a lo largo de la última década. Es el caso de:  

Se trata de un estudio sobre cómo las características biogeográficas de las faunas de mamíferos presentan particularidades propias y diferenciables en cada tipo de ambiente terrestre. Nos encontramos ante una idea muy sencilla, de esas que surgen en noches de insomnio, basada en ponderar la capacidad que cada especie tiene como indicador ambiental. Y su sencillez queda reflejada en la simplicidad de la principal fórmula matemática en la que se basa:

índice de restricción climática = 1/n

en donde n es el número de biomas habitados por una especie... así de fácil.

En realidad fue necesaria una noche de insomnio adicional para poder desarrollar el siguiente paso. Si ese índice de restricción climática se aplicase a variables que representen cada bioma y a todas las especies que conforman una comunidad ecológica, la combinación de todos los valores debería tener un significado ecológico muy preciso. La variable que represente el bioma en donde se encuentra la comunidad debería ser preponderante numéricamente.

Pues bien, situemos ahora esas dos noches de insomnio en su adecuado contexto histórico... Allá por 1995 había finalizado la asignatura de "Paleontología de Vertebrados Inferiores" cuya profesora, Nieves López Martínez, me había abierto la mente a un mundo nuevo en donde los trabajos de clase no eran de "recorta y pega" sino que podían ser auténticas investigaciones originales. Con esas nuevas ideas en la cabeza, me lancé en los siguientes meses a hacer un trabajo sobre las faunas de nudibranquios de las costas ibéricas. En el duermevela que caracteriza las noches del alumno de ciencias biológicas estresado por tener que aprenderse todos los filos de "Invertebrados No Artrópodos" existentes en el mundo desarrollé las dos nociones principales de un trabajo que aún ni siquiera existía en mi imaginación y, junto a otros tres compañeros de clase, las apliqué a la biogeografía de esos coloreados moluscos marinos. Fue en el curso siguiente cuando tuve que realizar un nuevo trabajo para "Paleoecología" y entonces pude aunar esas maravillosamente simples fórmulas matemáticas y lo que más me gustaba, las faunas de mamíferos del Mioceno. Una vez terminado el trabajo, los resultados fueron tan satisfactorios, que a partir de ese momento se puso en marcha un proceso de consultas con diferentes investigadores para ver cúal sería la mejor manera para continuar el desarrollo de esa idea y llevarla hasta un punto en donde pudiera ser publicada. Nieves me recomendó aplicarla a algunas faunas actuales para comprobar qué tal funcionaba en realidad. Así que, mientras terminaba los examenes de la carrera, allí estaba yo en la biblioteca tomando datos sobre faunas tan exóticas como las de las sabanas y selvas africanas o tan familiares como las de Doñana. Y cuando todo hubo terminado, y yo era un recién licenciado, me presenté ante Nieves con mis prometedores resultados. Ella los vió y seguidamente me llevó a conocer a sus vecinos de despacho, el insigne Remmert Daams, al que yo sólo conocía por sus magníficos trabajos sobre paleoecología de faunas de roedores, y un becario postdoctoral recién regresado de su estancia en Utrecth... Pablo Peláez-Campomanes. Ambos echaron un vistazo al trabajo y me emplazaron para la semana siguiente, cuando finalmente me dijeron que realmente parecía que podía tener un futuro como publicación... Y así empezó mi carrera profesional como investigador...

Durante todo el año siguiente me pasé compartiendo las clases de doctorado en la UCM con las jornadas en la biblioteca del Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales recopilando más datos faunísicos hasta completar una base de datos con más de 1000 especies de mamíferos procedentes de 50 localidades repartidas por todo el mundo y todos los biomas. Finalmente tenía entre manos todo lo necesario para poder comprobar si realmente las faunas de mamíferos se diferencian claramente cundo ocupan distintos ambientes. Sólo hacía falta aplicar algo de estadística... menos mal que estaba Pablo para ayudarme... Ël me descubrió el maravilloso mundo de los análisis discriminantes.

Lo siguiente es la historia de cualquier publicación científica. Resumir la información y el trabajo realizado. Exponer los resultados de manera concisa y discutir su relevancia. A finales de 1997 tenía un manuscrito completo que enviar a una revista científica... Y allá fue, para después, pelearse con los editores y revisores científicos que no siempre están de acuerdo sobre la importancia de tu trabajo... La primera revista (Ecography) me rechazó tras unos meses de revisión, pero una vez introducidos algunos cambios en el trabajo lo volví a enviar a otra (Journal of Biogeography), que rápidamente me desvió hacia su hermana pequeña (Global Ecology and Biogeography Letters). En esta me tocó como revisor uno de los popes de la paleoecología, Peter Andrews, el cual consideró el trabajo muy interesante, otorgando el espaldarazo definitivo para su publicación, tras nuevos cambios de redacción, por supuesto y más de un año de espera (justo en ese momento hubo una reorganización interna de la edición de la revista, que hasta cambió su nombre, y las cosas se ralentizaron un poco). Estabamos ya casi en la primavera de 2001 cuando finalmente se publicó el trabajo... y yo hacía dos meses que había terminado la tesis y sólo me quedaba uno para defenderla públicamente...

El desarrollo de las ideas preliminares planteadas en este estudio dio lugar a las tres líneas de actuación principal de lo que ahora es PMMV. En primer lugar, claro está, tenemos la vertiente paleoclimática que desencadenó el trabajo y que finalmente se benefició de los resultados obtenidos. A partir de ese trabajo se pudo desarrollar una nueva técnica de análisis paleoclimático de alta resolución basada en el estudio de las faunas de mamíferos, el Análisis Bioclimático (Hernández Fernández & Peláez-Campomanes, 2003, 2005), el cual ha sido exitosamente aplicado para el estudio de faunas del Plio-Pleistoceno (Hernández Fernández, 2006; Hernández Fernández et al., 2007) y que ahora, por fin, está siendo aplicado al Mioceno (Gómez Cano et al., 2009). Como uno de los pilares fundamentales de PMMV, esta línea de investigación continuará desarrollándose a lo largo de los siguientes años, a un ritmo pausado pero constante. En segundo lugar, también se han podido aplicar nociones derivadas de este trabajo al estudio de nuevos patrones macroecológicos de las faunas de mamíferos, concretamente la especialización biómica (Hernández Fernández & Vrba, 2005b, 2005c). Finalmente, aunque no de menor importancia, una línea de investigación en torno a los aspectos macroevolutivos de la especialización biómica está dando unos resultados muy satisfactorios tanto en mamíferos como en aves (Hernández Fernández & Vrba, 2005d; Moreno Bofarull et al., 2008; Rodríguez Ruiz & Hernández Fernández, 2009). Esta es sin duda, la línea con una mayor proyección de futuro y varios miembros de PMMV están ahora mismo desarrollando más trabajos en torno a ella.

Bueno, a estas alturas ya sólo queda esperar que el fructífero desarrollo de todas estas líneas de investigación, el reconocimiento de su relevancia científica y el paso del tiempo determinen si realmente el estudio del que he estado hablando puede algún día llegar a considerarse un auténtico "clásico".

 

Referencias

  • Gómez Cano, A.R., Hernández Fernández, M., Álvarez-Sierra, M.A. & Morales, J. 2009. Effect of the Messinian Salinity Crisis on the Iberian palaeoclimates: an approach using Bioclimatic Analysis with rodent faunas. Acta Naturalia, 45 (1/4): 284-286.
  • Hernández Fernández, M. 2006. Rodent faunas as indicators of climatic change in Europe during the last 125,000 years. Quaternary Research, 65 (2): 308-323. (PDF, 450 kb)
  • Hernández Fernández, M., Álvarez Sierra, M.A. & Peláez-Campomanes, P. 2007. Bioclimatic analysis of rodent palaeofaunas reveals severe climatic changes in Southwestern Europe during the Plio-Pleistocene. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 251 (3/4): 500-526. (PDF, 2.3 Mb)
  • Hernández Fernández, M. & Peláez-Campomanes, P. 2003. The bioclimatic model: a method of palaeoclimatic qualitative inference based on mammal associations. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 12 (6): 507-517. (PDF, 380 kb)
  • Hernández Fernández, M. & Peláez-Campomanes, P. 2005. Quantitative palaeoclimatic inference based on terrestrial mammal faunas. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 14 (1): 39-56. (PDF, 317 kb)
  • Hernández Fernández, M. & Vrba, E.S. 2005b. Rapoport effect and biomic specialization in African mammals: revisiting the climatic variability hypothesis. Journal of Biogeography, 32 (5): 903-918. (PDF, 292 kb)
  • Hernández Fernández, M. & Vrba, E.S. 2005c. Body size, biomic specialization and range size of African large mammals. Journal of Biogeography, 32 (7): 1243-1256. (PDF, 967 kb)
  • Hernández Fernández, M. & Vrba, E.S. 2005d. Macroevolutionary processes and biomic specialization: testing the resource-use hypothesis. Evolutionary Ecology, 19 (3): 199-219. (PDF, 317 kb)
  • Moreno Bofarull, A., Arias Royo, A., Hernández Fernández, M., Ortiz-Jaureguizar, E. & Morales, J. 2008. Influence of continental history on the ecological specialization and macroevolutionary processes in the mammalian assemblage of South America: differences between small and large mammals. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 8: 97 (doi:10.1186/1471-2148-8-97). (PDF, 1.2 Mb)
  • Rodríguez Ruiz, C. & Hernández Fernández, M. 2009. De ardillas y perdices: clima y evolución a escala global. Paleolusitana, 1: 411-418. (PDF, 296 kb)

 

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