¿El nicho se conserva?


By Ana Moreno Bofarull - Posted on 02 March 2010

El concepto de nicho es un concepto fundamental y básico en ecología y en estudios de evolución, data desde hace un siglo con la primera definición del naturalista Joseph Grinnell en 1904. Se trata de un concepto muy controvertido y con multitud de definiciones a lo largo del tiempo, de las cuales la más extendida y aceptada fue la sugerida por Hutchinson (1957) como: "conjunto de condiciones bióticas y abióticas con las cuales una especie es capaz de mantener estable su población". 
 
Quisiera destacar un trabajo de John J. Wiens Catherine H. Graham por el análisis que hacen del concepto de "Niche Concervatism" o "Conservación del Nicho", el cuál se define como la tendencia de las especies a retener las características ecológicas ancestrales:
 
Actualmente el debate se centra en si el nicho se mantiene más o menos invariable en el tiempo, y para entender este proceso estos investigadores centraron su estudios en ver qué factores pueden influir en este patrón, especialmente si la tolerancia climática del nicho puede definir los límites y expansión del rango geográfico de las especies.
 
Entre los muchos conceptos evolutivos y ecológicos que estudiaron, me gustaría destacar la relación y conexión que existe entre la conservación del nicho y la especiación alopátrica. Cuando una especie se subdivide en dos grandes poblaciones debido a importantes cambios climáticos (la tectónica de plazas, orogenia o inundaciones por cambios del nivel del mar) el rango geográfico se fragmenta y la especie inicial se separa en varias poblaciones que pueden generar nuevas especies, lo que se conoce como especiación alopátrica por vicarianza. Es curioso observar como la mayoría de las especies suelen mantener las características ecológicas a lo largo del tiempo; cuando una especie se fragmenta en dos poblaciones por una barrera geográfica, éstas tienden a buscar regiones con condiciones climáticas similares al nicho donde habitaban, suelen moverse en busca de ese nicho antes de adaptarse a las nuevas condiciones ecológicas, principalmente si éstas son muy distintas, ya que no las toleran bien y pueden conducirlas a la extinción. ¿Podrían estar relacionadas las grandes extinciones masivas que ha sufrido el planeta debido a cambios climáticos bruscos, con la conservación de nicho?, ¿podrían ser una manifestación de éste? 
 
 Vemos cómo especies hermanas en continentes distintos aparecen en nichos y condiciones climáticas similares. Un ejemplo son las Salamandras, clado muy estudiado por John J. Wiens, casi todas las salamandras aparecen en regiones climáticas templadas del hemisferio Norte, de forma que el nicho se ha mantenido en este clado por más de 100 millones de años (Zug et al., 2001; Kozak & Wiens, 2005). No obstante, las excepciones existen, y estudios recientes en pájaros, mariposas o ranas (Graham et al., 2004) en regiones tropicales de montaña encuentran evidencias que rebaten la idea de que el nicho se conserve. De igual forma, la especiación simpátrica (sin aislamiento geográfico) no apoya esta idea; aquí la población sufre presiones selectivas en direcciones diferentes en una misma zona geográfica separando la población en dos especies distintas, siendo los factores ecológicos los que toman mayor importancia que los climáticos y geográficos. 
 
Por todo ellos, está claro que este concepto de nicho es muy relativo. Depende de la perspectiva desde la que se estudia y en gran medida de la cantidad de factores que se pueden analizar, ya que el nicho involucra a todos los recursos presentes en el ambiente y depende de las adaptaciones del organismo y la relación que establece con su entorno. No solo el clima es el factor determinante del rango geográfico de una especie, otros factores afectan a los organismos limitando su distribución en el entorno y nos ayudan a entender cómo de conservado esta el nicho a lo largo de la historia evolutiva de una especie. 
 
Estos trabajos de Wiens, junto con el famoso trabajo de Peterson et al. (1999), nos permiten conocer nuevos campos de estudios, filogenéticos o evolutivos, con modelos de amplio espectro sobre cuestiones biogeográficas, de biodiversidad o conservación biológica, que mejoran la comprensión de si los nichos se conservan o no. esto nos puede ayudar a entender la evolución y el futuro de las especies actuales frente a los cambios climáticos que se avecinan.
 
 
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